http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/189 2026-04-17T10:23:01Z 2026-04-17T10:23:01Z Faiz Ur Rehman Noman Ahmad http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/20560 2026-04-16T04:52:29Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

Political Dynasties and Service Delivery: Evidence from Rural Health Clinics in Punjab Pakistan Vol. 30, Issue 2 Faiz Ur Rehman; Noman Ahmad Research suggests that politics plays a pivotal role in public service provision in contexts of scarce resources. However, there is limited evidence available on how dynastic politicians influence public service delivery. We examine this question in the context of the health sector in Punjab, Pakistan. By employing a representative sample of rural health clinics, we develop measures to capture doctors’ outcomes at the clinic level. These data are then matched with provincial constituency-level data to study the impact of having a dynastic member of the parliament (MP) on doctors’ assignment, attendance, and tenure in their respective constituencies. Our findings show that having a dynastic MP has no discernible impact on the assignment and attendance of doctors. However, clinics in constituencies with a dynastic MP have relatively experienced doctors. Furthermore, our suggestive evidence from the Pakistan Household and Living Measurement Survey (PSLM) shows that individuals living in districts with a higher proportion of dynastic MPs report lower improvements in clinic services and are less satisfied with those services. Our main findings remain robust to various alternative explanations. PP. 38 ill;

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z Muhammad Omer http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/20559 2026-04-16T04:50:06Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

Evaluating the Impact of Withdrawal of Telegraphic Transfer (TT) Charges Reimbursement on the Remittances from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) Vol. 30, Issue 2 Muhammad Omer The Government of Pakistan reimburses SAR 30 in Telegraphic Transfer Charges (TTC) for every USD 100 or more transferred by a foreign MTO into the country, as compensation for their transaction costs. In May 2020, the government removed this facility for KSA, citing zero transaction costs announced by the KSA authorities for digital money transfers from the kingdom. The inflow of workers’ remittances from KSA began to decrease once KSA eased the travel ban. This paper aims to estimate the impact of the withdrawal of TTC reimbursement on remittances flowing from KSA to Pakistan. The difference-indifference (DID) method is applied to data from July 2018 to September 2022. The estimates indicate that this policy caused an average monthly decline in remittances from KSA between US$ 31 million and US$ 76 million. The findings appear to be robust to various estimation adjustments. PP. 28 ill;

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z Ayesha Rehman Muhammad Tariq Majeed Tania Luni http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/20558 2026-04-16T04:48:20Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

Financial Development and CO₂ Emissions: A Global Analysis and Continent-level Comparisons of Institutional Quality’s Mediating Role Vol. 30, Issue 2 Ayesha Rehman; Muhammad Tariq Majeed; Tania Luni This study examines the relationships among financial development, renewable energy, institutional quality, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions using dynamic panel data techniques from 1990 to 2020. The empirical results of the econometric analysis suggest that financial development does not necessarily reduce CO2 emissions unless institutional quality improves. Financial development exacerbates environmental deterioration by increasing CO2 emissions in all regions except Europe, whereas renewable energy consumption and institutional quality improve environmental quality. Thus, good institutional quality emerged as a mediating variable between financial development and environmental quality in curbing CO2 emissions and promoting sustainable development worldwide. PP. 38 ill;

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z Kashaf Waseem http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/20557 2026-04-16T04:45:30Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

The Economic Impact of Environmental Sustainability Practices in the Hospitality Sector: A Global Review with Policy Implications for Pakistan Vol. 30, Issue 2 Kashaf Waseem This paper explores the economics of environmental sustainability practices in the hospitality industry, focusing on the operational efficiency of hotels, cost-effectiveness, and return on investment (ROI), with a specific focus on the emerging market in Pakistan. Results indicate that green retrofits, including LED lighting and HVAC optimization, deliver average energy savings of 25-40 percent, payback periods of 1-5 years, and internal rate of return (IRR) of 18. Food-waste minimization systems, such as Winnow and Leanpath, have a 7:1 ROI in two years, and water recycling systems reduce consumption by 20-30 percent in less than four years. Hotels that operate sustainably worldwide show reduced operating costs by up to 30 percent and premium rates of 5-15 percent, based on customer willingness to pay higher rates in environmentally conscious hotels. The article presents a combination of comparative ROI modeling, policy SWOT analysis, and cross-regional benchmarking to assess the feasibility and scalability of green investments. By linking economic indicators to environmental performance, this research confirms that sustainability practices are not only environmentally advantageous but also economically strategic. PP. 30 ill;

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