Abstract:
The Annual Survey of Education Report (ASER) 2012 shows a growing prevalence of a
shadow education sector in Pakistan with 34% of private school students and 17% of
public school students taking private tuition in Punjab. Further, private tuition is found to
have a positive significant affect on learning outcomes (Aslam and Atherton, 2013).
Keeping this in view, it is possible that private tuition rather than a difference in
schooling quality is driving the observed learning-gap between public and private
schools. This study uses the Learning and Educational Achievement in Punjab Schools
(LEAPS) data and analyzes the individuals who switch between taking and not taking
private tuition, in a fixed effects framework to quantify the impact of private tuition on
learning outcomes in public and private schools. It further analyzes the shadow
education market looking at who supplies and who demands private tuition. The main
findings suggest a positive significant affect of private tuition on learning outcomes,
specifically for public school students. For the subjects Mathematics and Urdu, the
learning-gap between public and private schools would remain even after accounting for
private tuition but can be bridged by providing more of such tuition classes to the public
school students. In English, the learning-gap would significantly be reduced once tuition
is controlled for as private tuition significantly impacts private school students’
performance in this subject but not public school students’ performance. Further, the
paper finds that tuition is more of a private sector phenomenon with private school
teachers more likely to supply such tuition. However, the main stream teachers that
provide private tuition do not shirk during regular class hours, as is normally believed, in
order to create demand for their tuition classes. In fact, tutors exert similar efforts in
school as their non-tutor counterparts. Lastly, tuition is taken as a supplement to formal
education rather than as a substitute for low quality formal schooling.
