The Discussion Paper Series of the Graduate Institute for Development Studies (GIDS) is a publication that provides a forum for the dissemination of new ideas and critical review of current research in the multi-disciplinary field of development studies. It provides opportunities to academics and practitioners to contribute to current research on the subject through scholarly essays and literature reviews. The aim of the series is to encourage reflection and stimulate discussion and dialogue on topical issues through inter-disciplinary academic research in the field of development. In keeping with this objective, feedback from readers is welcome. The views expressed in the papers are those of the contributors and do not necessarily represent the thinking at GIDS.PP.22;ill